Firewood Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Find answers to common questions about buying, burning, stacking, choosing, and safely using firewood.
Buying Firewood
Q: What is a 'cord' of firewood?
A: A cord is a standard unit of measurement for firewood, typically measuring 4 feet high by 4 feet wide by 8 feet long, totaling 128 cubic feet. It's important to ensure you're getting a full cord when purchasing.
Q: What is a 'face cord' or 'rick'?
A: A face cord (or rick) is a stack of wood 4 feet high and 8 feet long, but only as deep as the length of the logs (usually 16-24 inches). It's less than a full cord and its volume varies depending on log length.
Q: How much does a cord of firewood cost?
A: Prices vary widely based on location, wood type, seasoning, and delivery options. Expect to pay anywhere from $200 to $500 or more per cord.
Q: Should I buy seasoned or green firewood?
A: Always buy seasoned firewood. Green wood has high moisture content, burns inefficiently, produces more smoke, and can lead to creosote buildup in your chimney.
Q: How can I tell if firewood is seasoned?
A: Seasoned wood is lighter, has cracks at the ends, makes a hollow sound when two pieces are knocked together, and the bark may be loose or peeling. It should also have a dull, grayish appearance, not fresh-cut vibrant colors.
Q: What questions should I ask a firewood supplier?
A: Ask about wood type, seasoning time, moisture content (if they measure it), delivery fees, stacking services, and their measurement unit (cord, face cord, etc.).
Q: Is delivery included in the price?
A: Often, delivery is an additional charge, or it might be included for a certain radius. Always clarify delivery fees and minimum order requirements.
Q: Can I pick up firewood myself?
A: Many suppliers offer pickup options, which can sometimes be cheaper. Ensure your vehicle can safely transport the quantity you intend to buy.
Q: What's the best time of year to buy firewood?
A: The best time is typically spring or early summer. This allows you to get a good price and gives you ample time to properly stack and further season the wood before the cold weather arrives.
Q: How much firewood do I need for a winter?
A: This depends on your climate, house size, insulation, and how often you burn. A typical household might use 2-4 cords per winter, but it can vary greatly.
Q: What is 'kiln-dried' firewood?
A: Kiln-dried firewood has been artificially dried in a kiln to reduce its moisture content much faster than air-drying. It's typically more expensive but ready to burn immediately.
Q: Is it safe to buy firewood from roadside vendors?
A: Be cautious. While some are legitimate, others may sell unseasoned wood or short you on quantity. Ask questions and inspect the wood carefully.
Q: What are common scams when buying firewood?
A: Common scams include selling 'green' wood as seasoned, shorting the quantity (e.g., selling a 'cord' that's actually a face cord), or mixing in undesirable wood types.
Q: Should I get a receipt?
A: Always get a detailed receipt that specifies the quantity, type of wood, price, and supplier's contact information.
Q: What is the ideal moisture content for firewood?
A: Ideally, firewood should have a moisture content of 20% or less for efficient and clean burning.
Choosing Firewood (Types of Wood)
Q: What are the best types of wood for burning?
A: Hardwoods like oak, maple, hickory, ash, and birch are generally best. They burn hotter, longer, and produce less creosote.
Q: What are the worst types of wood for burning?
A: Softwoods like pine, fir, and spruce burn quickly, produce more smoke and creosote, and can spark excessively. Avoid burning treated or painted wood, or trash.
Q: Can I burn construction scraps or treated wood?
A: No, never burn construction scraps, treated wood, painted wood, or particle board. They can release toxic fumes and harmful chemicals.
Q: Is it okay to burn driftwood?
A: Burning driftwood is generally not recommended as it often contains salt, which can corrode your stove or chimney and release harmful chemicals when burned.
Q: What is the difference between hardwood and softwood?
A: Hardwoods come from deciduous trees (lose leaves in fall) and are denser, burning longer and hotter. Softwoods come from coniferous trees (evergreens) and are less dense, burning faster and producing more sap/creosote.
Q: Which wood produces the most heat?
A: Dense hardwoods like oak, hickory, and hard maple produce the most BTUs (British Thermal Units) per cord, meaning more heat.
Q: Which wood is best for cooking or smoking food?
A: Fruitwoods (apple, cherry, peach) and nutwoods (hickory, pecan, oak) are excellent for cooking and smoking, imparting distinct flavors.
Q: Does wood type affect creosote buildup?
A: Yes, softwoods and unseasoned wood produce more creosote due to higher sap content and incomplete combustion. Hardwoods, when seasoned, produce less.
Q: Can I mix different types of wood?
A: Yes, you can mix them. Many people use softwoods for kindling and getting a fire started quickly, then add hardwoods for sustained heat.
Q: What about exotic woods?
A: Stick to common, locally sourced woods. Exotic woods can be expensive, difficult to source, and some may release unpleasant odors or harmful fumes when burned.
Seasoning and Storage
Q: How long does firewood need to season?
A: Most hardwoods need 6-12 months to properly season, sometimes longer depending on climate and initial moisture. Softwoods may season faster, 3-6 months.
Q: What is the best way to stack firewood?
A: Stack wood in a single row, off the ground (on pallets or timbers), with space between rows for air circulation. Cover the top to protect from rain, but leave sides open.
Q: Where should I store firewood?
A: Store it in a dry, well-ventilated area, away from your house to prevent insect infestations. A woodshed or covered rack is ideal.
Q: Can I store firewood indoors?
A: It's not recommended to store large quantities indoors due to potential insect infestations, mold, and fire hazards. A small amount for immediate use is generally fine.
Q: How does seasoning affect burning efficiency?
A: Properly seasoned wood burns much more efficiently because less energy is wasted boiling off moisture. This means more heat and less smoke.
Q: What are the signs of unseasoned (green) wood?
A: Green wood is heavy, has a fresh-cut smell, may have visible moisture, and makes a dull thud when struck. It also hisses and bubbles when burning.
Q: Will firewood season faster if I split it?
A: Yes, splitting wood exposes more surface area to air and sunlight, significantly speeding up the drying process.
Q: How do I protect my firewood from pests?
A: Stack it off the ground, away from your house, and ensure good air circulation. Avoid covering the sides, as this can trap moisture and encourage pests.
Q: Can I use a moisture meter for firewood?
A: Yes, a moisture meter is a great tool to accurately check the moisture content of your firewood. Aim for 20% or less.
Q: What is the ideal size for firewood logs?
A: Logs should be cut to fit your stove or fireplace, typically 16-20 inches long. Split logs are generally better than round ones for seasoning and burning.
Burning Firewood
Q: How do I start a fire efficiently?
A: Use dry kindling (small twigs, paper, or natural firestarters) and small pieces of seasoned softwood or split hardwood. Build a top-down or log cabin style fire for best results.
Q: What is creosote and why is it dangerous?
A: Creosote is a highly flammable tar-like substance that builds up in chimneys from incomplete combustion. It's dangerous because it can cause chimney fires.
Q: How often should I clean my chimney?
A: It's recommended to have your chimney inspected and cleaned annually, especially if you burn frequently or use unseasoned wood.
Q: Why is my fire producing a lot of smoke?
A: Excessive smoke usually indicates unseasoned wood, insufficient air supply, or a cold flue. Ensure your wood is dry and your air vents are open.
Q: How can I make my fire burn longer?
A: Use dense, seasoned hardwoods. Once the fire is established, you can reduce the air intake slightly to slow the burn, but ensure enough air for complete combustion.
Q: Can I burn firewood in an outdoor fire pit?
A: Yes, seasoned firewood is ideal for outdoor fire pits. Be mindful of local burn bans and always have a water source nearby.
Q: What is a 'hot' fire vs. a 'smoldering' fire?
A: A hot fire burns with bright, active flames and minimal smoke, indicating efficient combustion. A smoldering fire has dull flames, lots of smoke, and indicates poor combustion, leading to creosote.
Q: How do I control the heat output of my wood stove?
A: Adjust the air intake vents. More air means a hotter, faster burn; less air means a slower, cooler burn. Always ensure enough air to prevent smoldering.
Q: What should I do with wood ash?
A: Allow ashes to cool completely (for at least 24-48 hours) in a metal container with a lid, away from combustibles. They can then be safely disposed of or used in gardens (if from pure wood).
Q: Is it normal for wood to pop and spark?
A: Some wood types, especially softwoods like pine or cedar, are prone to popping and sparking due to trapped sap. This is why a fire screen is important.
Safety and Maintenance
Q: What safety precautions should I take when burning firewood?
A: Ensure your chimney is clean, use a fire screen, keep combustibles away from the fireplace/stove, have a fire extinguisher nearby, and never leave a fire unattended.
Q: How do I prevent chimney fires?
A: Burn only dry, seasoned wood, ensure adequate air supply, and have your chimney inspected and cleaned regularly by a professional.
Q: What should I do if I have a chimney fire?
A: Immediately close all air vents on your stove/fireplace, call 911, and evacuate. Do not try to put it out with water.
Q: Are there any health risks associated with burning firewood?
A: Burning wood produces particulate matter and other pollutants. Ensure good ventilation, use a well-maintained stove/fireplace, and burn seasoned wood to minimize emissions.
Q: How do I dispose of hot ashes safely?
A: Scoop hot ashes into a metal container with a tight-fitting lid. Place the container outdoors on a non-combustible surface, away from buildings, until completely cool (days, not hours).
Q: What kind of fire extinguisher should I have?
A: A Class A fire extinguisher (for ordinary combustibles like wood) or a multi-purpose ABC extinguisher is suitable for home use.
Q: Should I install a carbon monoxide detector?
A: Yes, always install carbon monoxide detectors in your home, especially if you have any combustion appliances, including wood stoves or fireplaces.
Q: How do I maintain my wood stove or fireplace?
A: Regularly remove ash, clean the glass, inspect gaskets and seals, and have annual professional inspections and cleanings of the chimney and appliance.
Q: Can I use accelerants to start a fire?
A: Never use gasoline, kerosene, or other flammable liquids to start a fire. Use natural kindling or commercial firestarters designed for wood fires.
Q: What is a catalytic converter in a wood stove?
A: A catalytic converter helps burn smoke particles at lower temperatures, increasing efficiency and reducing emissions. They require maintenance and replacement.
General Firewood Knowledge
Q: What is a BTU?
A: BTU stands for British Thermal Unit, a measure of heat energy. It's the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
Q: Why is local firewood important?
A: Buying local firewood helps prevent the spread of invasive pests and diseases that can be transported in wood. It also supports local businesses.
Q: Can I cut my own firewood?
A: Yes, if you have access to land and proper permits. Always prioritize safety, use appropriate tools, and understand local regulations.
Q: What tools do I need for processing firewood?
A: Essential tools include a chainsaw, splitting maul or axe, safety gear (helmet, eye protection, gloves, chaps), and a sturdy splitting block.
Q: How does altitude affect firewood burning?
A: At higher altitudes, there's less oxygen, which can affect combustion. You might need to adjust air intake settings on your stove or fireplace.
Q: What is 'duraflame' or manufactured logs?
A: These are logs made from compressed sawdust and wax. They burn consistently but typically produce less heat than natural wood and are not suitable for all appliances.
Q: Is burning firewood environmentally friendly?
A: When sourced sustainably and burned efficiently, firewood can be a carbon-neutral fuel. The CO2 released is roughly equivalent to what the tree absorbed during its life.
Q: What is the 'fire triangle'?
A: The fire triangle consists of heat, fuel, and oxygen. All three are needed for a fire to burn. Removing any one element will extinguish the fire.
Q: How do I know if my fireplace or stove is safe to use?
A: Have it inspected by a certified chimney sweep or professional before the burning season, especially if it's new to you or hasn't been used in a while.
Q: Can I burn wood in a gas fireplace?
A: No, gas fireplaces are designed only for gas logs and should never be used to burn real wood, as they lack proper ventilation and safety features.
Q: What is a 'chimney cap' and why do I need one?
A: A chimney cap covers the top of your chimney, preventing rain, snow, animals, and debris from entering. It also helps prevent sparks from escaping.
Q: How do I dispose of large quantities of ash?
A: For large quantities, contact your local waste management facility. Some may accept it for composting or landfill, but always ensure it's completely cold.
Q: What is 'backpuffing' in a wood stove?
A: Backpuffing is when smoke puffs back into the room, often caused by a cold chimney, downdrafts, or insufficient draft. It indicates a problem with your flue.
Q: Can I use a wood stove during a power outage?
A: Yes, wood stoves are excellent for heating during power outages as they don't rely on electricity (unless they have an electric blower).
Q: What is the purpose of a damper?
A: A damper is a movable plate in the chimney flue that controls the airflow and helps regulate the burn rate and prevent heat loss when the fireplace is not in use.
Q: How do I prevent smoke from entering my room?
A: Ensure your chimney is clean, the flue is open, the wood is seasoned, and there's adequate combustion air. A strong draft is key.
Q: What is a 'firewood rack'?
A: A firewood rack is a metal or wooden structure designed to hold firewood off the ground, promoting air circulation and keeping the stack tidy.
Q: Can I burn wood with mold on it?
A: It's best to avoid burning moldy wood, especially indoors, as it can release spores and unpleasant odors. If it's just surface mold, it might burn off, but heavily molded wood should be discarded.
Q: What is the 'rule of thumb' for firewood length?
A: The general rule is to cut logs 1-2 inches shorter than the firebox of your stove or fireplace to allow for easy loading and air circulation.
Q: How does humidity affect firewood?
A: High humidity can slow down the seasoning process and cause seasoned wood to reabsorb moisture. Proper stacking and covering are crucial in humid climates.
Q: Is it safe to burn wood from fallen trees?
A: Yes, if the wood is healthy and not diseased. It will need to be cut, split, and seasoned before burning.
Q: What is a 'chimney liner'?
A: A chimney liner is a flue pipe inside your chimney that protects the masonry from corrosive byproducts of combustion and provides a smooth, efficient exhaust path.
Q: Can I use a wood stove as my primary heat source?
A: Many homes use wood stoves as their primary heat source, especially in rural areas. It requires consistent effort for sourcing, processing, and burning wood.
Q: What is 'backdrafting'?
A: Backdrafting is when combustion gases and smoke are drawn back into the living space instead of going up the chimney, often due to negative pressure in the house.
Q: How do I know if my wood stove is efficient?
A: Look for EPA-certified stoves, which are designed for higher efficiency and lower emissions. Signs of efficiency include minimal smoke and long burn times from seasoned wood.